China
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![[Flag of Taiwan]](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tjFh0jORcR-UG6mqZu4iP6T0HdcSpWPw5nQCzJvMgTC0z3-zKP25OkibXT6EyNpCpTuN2lSr3y11XmnXWSwKX3T5qItSj5VwtDdYsZOn8e7wf0rejYq49YtjMJdrEcVYyNKieecfzJ4f31Bhz1CDk=s0-d) 8 Oct 1928 - 1 Oct 1949 |
![[Flag of China]](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_twmVHkxQNIP71pvVNYxDcZKQ1GpLbNb4_MFX6lafX02ESxmX2dBHH-tDTVN48YWZO9NnOMekempmOMDVfuIYmz1vLK8TBEqEehH6Q2bhsV1t6ivgXe8YDQaNI-CpnhUli0ZaoClrtXY0I5FgXg3wpM=s0-d) Adopted 1 Oct 1949 |
![[early Chinese Customs flag]](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tequc_gJ4Zu1nqyJLSXr3OPLqUrOY8mPszRk8K74BrKMn4TOBFWFlD_IdBDY3jwDhhgPM2AL0bm3o2HKaT1ge2aih4XSpVCb1049IRNzCCo5HU6BLCr3vI7rQaSXVYok4hF7-5rHtiGMLAg_v2kENYVvvgRxeH=s0-d)
![[Flag of China, 1872]](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vCG0gR8Kf5CineNq0o9ooiDjwFkcmXn61CV91e2N1RHPnJRAODc8RyCPJwPiAKgu1YJC9S7NlXN4acO5qMf5XWWcRBgDtbqYUuO3LK7nqnsX8kev5y3ZpntcmkQy477iz4387YParJXQsY0T-HiXPdWtjQCw=s0-d)
![[Flag of China, 1890]](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sXzOl7arS0ds_JNm0ACWeAMkCh9sQcQGxoXcZ6TduFpG46vVPUaTDVMhmjxUSbMI8VmXwldpVYYiz7KZ5_FIC2JWh7kepaOsOou1nObhccvffPRMKvrexur2fZMLho69sTzMPI-FzfjBssBOVtgQ-KD3hLWw=s0-d)
![[1912 Flag of China]](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_v4WQLGdMTWeDJi7jL54DOLjlARpw0hoSNSHAiGPOUK5DFhbg192bpOQY9iOGxJ3PUKmqK73XFW_8G9rC1PUdTLajODEv_31hxiozUAbEb6NM01cjnDzThv5hEymgvg5dmM6fdIqnHD00uupFOo-zqZdU0XzA=s0-d)
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"March of the Volunteers" |
Adopted 1949 |
(4 Dec 1982) |
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Founding of People's Republic |
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Note about Pinyin: To 1979 names are given Wade-Giles transliteration, where available, with the pinyin version following in parenthesis (i.e., Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong). After 1979, the pinyin transliteration (which came into general use in 1979, but is rejected by the Nationalist regime on Taiwan) following the names) is used. Under the People's Republic, all names are given in pinyin with those before 1979 followed in parenthesis by the Wade-Giles version (i.e. Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung). I have taken this additional step because most sources prior to 1979 refer to Chinese names in the pre-pinyin fashion. |
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"Harden the Golden Pot" |
(to 1911, 1917) |
(1906) |
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Emperors¹
7 Feb 1661 - 20 Dec 1722 Hsüan-yeh (Xuanye) (b. 1654 - d. 1722)
miaohao: Shengzu / shi: Ren huangdi
nianhao 18 Feb 1662 - 4 Feb 1723: K'ang-hsi (Kangxi)
10 Jul 1706 - 1707 Wei Zhiye (in rebellion)
nianhao 10 Jul 1706 - 1707: Wenxing
1707 - 1708 Zhu Cihuan
(styled Ding wang, heading Great Ming [or Shining] Realm,
in rebellion)
26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721 Zhu Yigui
(in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan)
nianhao 26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721: Yonghe
27 Dec 1722 - 8 Oct 1735 Yin-chen (Yinzhen) (b. 1678 - d. 1735)
miaohao: Shizong / shi: Xian huangdi
nianhao 5 Feb 1723 - 11 Feb 1746: Yung-chêng (Yongzheng)
18 Oct 1735 - 9 Feb 1796 Hung-li (Hongli) (b. 1711 - d. 1799)
niaohao Gaozong / shi: Chun huangdi
nianhao 12 Feb 1736 - 8 Feb 1796: Ch'ien-lung (Qianlong)
Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788 Lin Shuangwen
(in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan)
nianhao Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788: Shuntian
9 Feb 1796 - 2 Sep 1820 Yung-yen (Yongyan) (b. 1760 - d. 1820)
niaohao: Renzong / shi: Rui huangdi
nianhao 9 Feb 1796 - 2 Feb 1821: Chia-ch'ing (Jiaqing)
Mar 1797 - 1797 Li Shu (in rebellion)
nianhao Mar 1797 - 1797: Daqing
3 Oct 1820 - 25 Feb 1850 Min-ning (Minning) (b. 1782 - d. 1850)
niaohao: Xuanzong / shi: Cheng huangdi
nianhao 3 Feb 1821 - 31 Jan 1851: Hsüan-tsung (Daoguang)
9 Mar 1850 - 22 Aug 1861 Yi-chu (Yizhu) (b. 1831-d. 1861)
miaohao: Wenzong / shi: Xian huangdi
nianhao 1 Feb 1851 - 29 Jan 1862: Hsien-fêng (Xianfeng)
22 Aug 1861 - 12 Jan 1875 Regency
- Empress Dowager Tz'u-an (f)(Cian)(d. 1881)
- Empress Dowager Tz'u-hsi (f) (b. 1835 - d. 1908)
(Cixi) (1st time)
- Prince Kung
11 Nov 1861 - 12 Jan 1875 Tsai-ch'un (Zaichun) (b. 1856 - d. 1874)
miaohao: Muzong / shi: Yi huangdi
nianhao 30 Jan 1862 - 5 Feb 1875: T'ung-chih (Tongzhi)
25 Feb 1875 - 14 Nov 1908 Tsai-t'ien (Zaitian) (b. 1871 - d. 1908)
miaohao: Dezong / shi: Jing huangdi
nianhao 6 Feb 1875 - 21 Jan 1909: Kuang-hsü (Guangxu)
25 Feb 1875 - 4 Mar 1889 Empress Dowager Tz'u-hsi (f) (s.a.)
(Cixi) (2nd time)-Regent
(de facto 3rd time; from 20 Sep 1898 to 2 Dec 1908)
2 Dec 1908 - 12 Feb 1912 P'u-i (Puyi) (1st time) (b. 1906 - d. 1967)
nianhao 22 Jan 1909 - 12 Feb 1912: Hsüan-T'ung (Xuantong)
2 Dec 1908 - 6 Dec 1911 Prince Chun (Zaifeng) -Regent (b. 1882 - d. 1951)
6 Dec 1911 - 12 Feb 1912 Empress Dowager Long Yu (b. 1868 - d. 1913)
Huagtaihou (f) (Longyu Xiaoding)
(holder of the Imperial seal)
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 P'u-i (2nd time) (s.a.)
(from 12 Feb 1912 - 5 Nov 1924, Emperor
inside the Forbidden City² only)
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 Chang Hsün -Regent (b. 1854 - d. 1923)
Grand Secretaries
1671 - 1744 ....
1744 - 1763 Shi Yizhi
1763 - 1771 ....
Grand Chancellors
1771 - 1773 Qinggui (1st time)
+ Marquess Feimo, Marquess of Weiqin
(1st time)
1773 - 1784 ....
1784 - 1793 Qinggui (2nd time)
+ Feimo Lebao, Marquess of Weiqin
(2nd time)
1793 - 1799 ....
1799 - 1812 Qinggui (3rd time)
+ Marquess Feimo, Marquess of Weiqin
(3rd time)
1812 - 1820 ....
1820 - 1820 Cao Zhenyong
1820 - 1838 Duke Changling Weiyong
1838 - 1840 Wenqing (1st time)
1841 - 1855 Qi Junzao
1855 - 1856 Wenqing (2nd time)
1856 - 1858 ....
1858 - 1876 Wenxiang
1876 - 1884 Baoyun
1884 - 1894 Zhang Zhiwan
1894 - 1898 Weng Tonghe
1894 - 1898 Prince Aixin-juelo Yixin Gong
1898 - 1901 Jung-lu (Ronglu)
Prime ministers
1901 - 1903 Jung-lu (Ronglu)
1903 - 8 May 1911 Prince Ch'ing (Zengziang)
8 May 1911 - 1 Nov 1911 Prince Yiguang (b. 1839 - d. 1917)
2 Nov 1911 - Mar 1912 Yuan Shi-kai (b. 1859 - d. 1916)
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 Chang Hsün (s.a.)
Taiping 11 Jan 1851 Taiping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Great Peace)
inaugurated.
25 Oct 1864 Extinguished by Qing empire.
Heavenly Kings
11 Jan 1851 - 1 Jun 1864 Hung Hsiu-ch'üan (Hong Xiuquan) (b. 1813 - d. 1864)
1 Jun 1864 - 25 Oct 1864 Hung Fu (Hong Tianguifu) (b. 1849 - d. 1864)
Shengping 9 Oct 1854 Shengping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Ascending Peace)
inaugurated.
24 Jul 1858 Extinguished by Qing empire.
Heavenly Kings
9 Oct 1854 - 24 Jul 1858 Hu Youlu (to Oct 1855)
+ Zhu Hongying
Cheng 27 Sep 1855 Great Cheng Realm inaugurated.
21 Aug 1861 Extinguished by Qing empire.
Kings
27 Sep 1855 - 21 Aug 1861 Chen Kai (styled Ping Xun wang)
+ Li Wenmao (to 1858)
Kashghar: see under Sinkiang
Pingnan Guo 1856 - 26 Dec 1872 Pingnan Guo ("Pacified South State") is a major
Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province.
Leader of the Community of Muslims (title Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin)
(usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan)
1856 - 26 Dec 1872 Sulayman ibn `Abd ar-Rahman (d. 1873)
(Du Wenxiu [orig. Yang Xiu])
¹full style from 1643: the Great Emperor (Huang Ti/Huangdi) of the Great Ch'ing (Qing) Dynasty, Son of Heaven (Tien Tseu), Lord of Ten Thousand Years, Grand Khan of Tartary.
²According to the treaty signed between the Ch'ing court and government of the Republic of China, P'u-i perserved the title Emperor, recieved annual payment from the Republic of China government, and had the right to live in the Forbidden City, to be protected by an imperial troop, grant noble and honorary titles, maintain certain government organs in the Forbidden City mainly for management of the Forbidden City and other palaces, management of imperial familes, etc. Inside the Forbidden City the dragon flag of the Ch'ing Dynasty while the republican flag was flown outside. People in the Forbidden City still wore the Ch'ing official dress and used the Ch'ing calender system. In 1922 when the Emperor got married, his wife was called Empress. On 5 Nov 1924 the Emperor was forced to leave the Forbidden City by a faction of the army of the Republic of China.
Warlord China 10 Oct 1911 Revolution begins.
1 Jan 1912 Republic of China proclaimed.
22 Dec 1915 Empire of China
22 Mar 1916 Republic of China
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 Brief restoration of the Great Qing Empire (s.a.).
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"China Rises in the Universe" (to 19..) |
"Song of the Fortunate Cloud" (19.. - 1928) |
(1911) |
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combined in a Central Military Government at the end of November. Names in parenthesis are given in pinyin transliteration (which came into general use in 1979, but is rejected by the Nationalist regime on Taiwan) following the names (i.e., Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong).
Military governors
- Hubei (Hupe) -
11 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (b. 1864 - d. 1928)
- Hunan -
23 Oct 1911 - 31 Oct 1911 Jiao Dafeng
31 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Tan Yankai (b. 1879 - d. 1930)
- Shaanxi (Shensi) -
23 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Zhang Fenghui
- Jiangxi (Kiangsi) -
24 Oct 1911 - 2 Nov 1911 Ma Yubao
2 Nov 1911 - 12 Nov 1911 Wu Jiezhang
12 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Peng Chengwan
- Shanxi (Shansi) -
29 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Yan Xishan (b. 1883 - d. 1960)
- Yunnan -
30 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Cai E (b. 1882 - d. 1916)
- Shanghai (actually called itself Military Government of the Republic of China) -
4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Chen Qimei (b. 1878 - d. 1916)
- Zhejiang (Chekiang) -
4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Tang Shouqian
- Guizhou (Kweichow) -
5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Yang Jincheng
- Jiangsu (Kiangsu) -
5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Cheng Dequan (b. 1860 - d. 1930)
- Anhui (Anhwei) -
8 Nov 1911 - 28 Nov 1911 Zhu Jiabao (d. 1923)
28 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Sun Yuyun
- Guangxi (Kwangsi) -
9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Shen Bingkun
- Fujian (Fukien) -
9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Sun Daoren
- Guangdong (Kwangtung) -
9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Hu Hanmin (b. 1879 - d. 1936)
- Shandong (Shantung) -
13 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Sun Baoqi (b. 1867 - d. 1931)
- Sichuan (Szechwan) -
22 Nov 1911 - 27 Nov 1911 Zhang Peijue
27 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Pu Dianjun
Military governor (Central Military Government of the Republic of China)
30 Nov 1911 - 31 Dec 1911 Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (s.a.)
Presidents
1 Jan 1912 - 10 Mar 1912 Sun Yat-sen (provisional) (b. 1866 - d. 1925)
10 Mar 1912 - 22 Dec 1915 Yuan Shi-kai (1st time) (s.a.)
(provisional to 10 Oct 1913)
Emperor
22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Yuan Shi-kai (s.a.)
nianhao: Hongxian
(This attempt at imperial installation of Yuan Shikai
was not formally consummated by an enthronement, and
there are questions about its actual significance)
Presidents
22 Mar 1916 - 6 Jun 1916 Yuan Shi-kai (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Jun 1916 - 1 Jul 1917 Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (1st time) (s.a.)
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 Restoration of Great Qing Empire (s.a.)
12 Jul 1917 - 17 Jul 1917 Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Jul 1917 - 10 Oct 1918 Feng Kuo-chang (Guozhang) (b. 1859 - d. 1919)
10 Oct 1918 - 2 Jun 1922 Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) (b. 1855 - d. 1939)
2 Jun 1922 - 11 Jun 1922 Chao Tzu-ch'i (Zhou Ziqi)(acting) (b. 1871 - d. 1923)
11 Jun 1922 - 13 Jun 1923 Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (3rd time)(s.a.)
13 Jun 1923 - 9 Sep 1923 Chang Shao-ts'eng (Zhang Shaozeng) (b. 1870 - d. 19..)
(acting)
9 Sep 1923 - 10 Oct 1923 Kao Ling-wei (Gao Lingwei)(acting) (b. 1896 - d. bf.1953)
10 Oct 1923 - 2 Nov 1924 T'sao K'un (Cao Kun) (b. 1862 - d. 1938)
2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 Huang Fu (acting) (b. 1880 - d. 1936)
24 Nov 1924 - 20 Apr 1926 Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (b. 1865 - d. 1936)
(provisional chief executive)
20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926 Hu Wei-te (Weide) (acting) (b. 1871 - d. 19..)
13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926 Yen Hui-ching (Yan Huiqing)(acting)(b. 1877 - d. 1950)
22 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1926 Tu Hsi-Kuei (Du Xigui) (acting) (b. 1875 - d. 19..)
1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927 Ku Wei-chün (Gu Weijun) (acting) (b. 1887 - d. 1985)
18 Jun 1927 - 2 Jun 1928 Chang Tso-lin (Zhang Zuolin) (b. 1873 - d. 1928)
(Generalissimo of the Military Government of China)
Premiers
13 Mar 1912 - 27 Jun 1912 Tang Shao-yi (Shaoyi) (b. 1860 - d. 1938)
29 Jun 1912 - 25 Sep 1912 Lu Cheng-hsiang (Zhengxiang) (b. 1870 - d. 1949)
25 Sep 1912 - 1 May 1913 Chao Ping-Chün (Zhao Bingjun)
1 May 1913 - 31 Jul 1913 Duan Qirui (acting) (s.a.)
31 Jul 1913 - 12 Feb 1914 Xiong Xiling (b. 1870 - d. 1941)
12 Feb 1914 - 1 May 1914 Sun Pao-ch'i (Baoqi) (acting) (s.a.)
Secretaries of state
1 May 1914 - Dec 1915 Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) (s.a.)
(1st time)
Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Lu Cheng-hsiang (Zhengxiang) (s.a.)
(acting)
22 Mar 1916 - 23 Apr 1916 Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) (s.a.)
(2nd time)
23 Apr 1916 - 29 Jun 1916 Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (s.a.)
Premiers
29 Jun 1916 - 23 May 1917 Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (s.a.)
(1st time)
23 May 1917 - 28 May 1917 Wu Tingfang (acting) (b. 1842 - d. 1922)
28 May 1917 - 2 Jun 1917 Li Jingxi (1st time)
2 Jun 1917 - 12 Jun 1917 Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) (s.a.)
12 Jun 1917 - 24 Jun 1917 Chang Shao-jong (Jiang Zhaozong) (b. 1863 - d. 19..)
(acting)
24 Jun 1917 - 1 Jul 1917 Li Jingxi (2nd time)
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 Restoration of Great Qing Empire (s.a.)
14 Jul 1917 - 30 Nov 1917 Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (s.a.)
(2nd time)
30 Nov 1917 - 23 Mar 1918 Weng Shizhen (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1930)
23 Mar 1918 - 10 Oct 1918 Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (s.a.)
(3rd time)
10 Oct 1918 - 13 Jun 1919 Ch'ien Neng-hsün (Qiang Nengxun) (b. 1870 - d. 19..)
13 Jun 1919 - 24 Sep 1919 Kung Hsin-chan (Gong Xinzhan)
(acting)
24 Sep 1919 - 14 May 1920 Chin Yün-P'eng (Jin Yunpeng) (b. 1877 - d. 1925)
(1st time) (acting to 5 Nov 1919)
14 May 1920 - 9 Aug 1920 Sa Chen-ping (Zhenbing) (acting) (b. 1859 - d. 1952)
9 Aug 1920 - 18 Dec 1921 Chin Yün-P'eng (Jin Yunpeng) (s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
18 Dec 1921 - 24 Dec 1921 Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing) (s.a.)
(1st time)
24 Dec 1921 - 25 Jan 1922 Liang Shi-i (Shiyi) (b. 1869 - d. 1933)
25 Jan 1922 - 8 Apr 1922 Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing) (s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
8 Apr 1922 - 11 Jun 1922 Chao Tzu-Ch'i (Zhou Ziqi) (acting)(s.a.)
11 Jun 1922 - 5 Aug 1922 Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing) (s.a.)
(3rd time)
5 Aug 1922 - 29 Nov 1922 Wang Ch'ung-hui (Chonghui) (b. 1881 - d. 1958)
(acting)
29 Nov 1922 - 11 Dec 1922 Wang Ta-hsieh (Daxie) (b. 1860? - d. 19..)
11 Dec 1922 - 4 Jan 1923 Wang Cheng-t'ing (Zhengting) (b. 1882 - d. 1961)
4 Jan 1923 - 9 Sep 1923 Cheng Shao-ts'eng (Zhang Shaozeng) (s.a.)
9 Sep 1923 - 12 Jan 1924 Kao Ling-Wei (Gao Lingwei)(acting)(s.a.)
12 Jan 1924 - 14 Sep 1924 Sun Pao-ch'i (Baoqi) (s.a.)
14 Sep 1924 - 31 Oct 1924 Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing) (s.a.)
(4th time)
2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 Huang Fu (acting) (s.a.) Mil
27 Nov 1924 - 26 Dec 1925 Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (s.a.)
(4th time)
26 Dec 1925 - 4 Mar 1926 Hsu Shih-ying (Xu Shiying) (b. 1873 - d. 1964)
4 Mar 1926 - 20 Apr 1926 Chia The-yao (Jia Deyao)
20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926 Hu Wei-te (Weide) (acting) (s.a.)
13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926 Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing) (s.a.)
(5th time)
22 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1926 Tu His-Kuei (Du Xigui) (acting) (s.a.)
1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927 Ku Wei-chün (Gu Weijun) (acting) (s.a.)
18 Jun 1927 - 2 Jun 1928 Pan Fu (b. 1871 - d. 19..)
- Jiangsu (Kiangsu)
15 Jul 1913 - 29 Jul 1913 Cheng Dequan
- Anhui (Anhwei) -
17 Jul 1913 - 7 Aug 1913 Bo Wenwei (b. 1875 - d. 1947)
- Guangdong (Kwangtung) -
18 Jul 1913 - 3 Aug 1913 Chen Jiongming (b. 1878 - d. 1933)
- Hunan -
25 Jul 1913 - 13 Aug 1913 Tan Yankai (s.a.)
"Independent" military governments in 1916
Military governors
- Yunnan -
1 Jan 1916 - 8 May 1916 Tang Jiyao (b. 1881 - d. 1927)
- Guizhou (Kweichow) -
27 Jan 1916 - 8 May 1916 Liu Xianshi
- Guangxi (Kwangsi) -
15 Mar 1916 - 8 May 1916 Lu Rongting (b. 1856 - d. 1927)
- Guangdong (Kwangtung) -
6 Apr 1916 - 8 May 1916 Long Jiguang (b. 1860 - d. 1921)
- Zhejiang (Chekiang) -
12 Apr 1916 - 8 May 1916 Lu Gongwang
These came together under an umbrella government:
Chairman of the Military Affairs Council
8 May 1916 - 14 Jul 1916 Tang Jiyao (s.a.)
"Independent" military governments in 1917
Military governors
- Anhui (Anhwei) -
29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Ni Sichong
- Shaanxi (Shensi) -
29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Chen Shufan
- Fengtian -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Chang Tso-lin (Zhang Zuolin) (s.a.)
- Shandong (Shantung) -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Zhang Huaizhi (b. 1860 - d. 19..)
- Fujian (Fukein) -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Li Houji
- Henan (Honan) -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Zhao Ti (b. 1871 - d. 19..)
- Zhejiang (Chekiang) -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Yang Shande
- Zhili (Chihli) -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Cao Kun (s.a.)
Nationalist China Note: The name of the polity is still Republic of China, but it overlaps the preceding polity of that name, has a different flag and government system, and eventually a different capital (Nanjing; Beijing is in fact deprived of the name-part jing, meaning capital, and is renamed Beiping after the demise of the "warlord" regime).
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"Song of the Nationalist Revolution" (to 1924) |
Adopted 24 Jun 1924 |
(25 Dec 1946) |
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Chungking (1939-1946) |
"San Min Chu i" (from 1924) |
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10 Sep 1917 - 5 Jul 1918 Sun Yat-sen (s.a.) KMT
5 Jul 1918 - 21 Aug 1918 Governing Committee of the Military Government
- Sun Yat-sen (s.a.) KMT
- Tang Shao-yi (Shaoyi) (s.a.) KMT
- Wu Tingfang (s.a.) KMT
- Cen Chunxuan (b. 1861 - d. 1933) KMT
- Lu Rongting (s.a.) KMT
- Tang Jiyao (s.a.) KMT
- Lin Baoyi (b. 1862 - d. 19..) KMT
21 Aug 1918 - 24 Oct 1920 Cen Chunxuan (s.a.) KMT
(chairman Governing Committee of the Military Government)
24 Oct 1920 - 4 May 1921 Governing Committee of the Military Government
- Sun Yat-sen (s.a.) KMT
- Tang Shao-yi (Shaoyi) (s.a.) KMT
- Wu Tingfang (s.a.) KMT
- Tang Jiyao (s.a.) KMT
Extraordinary President
5 May 1921 - 29 Jun 1922 Sun Yat-sen (s.a.) KMT
Generalissimos of the National Government
2 Mar 1923 - 12 Mar 1925 Sun Yat-sen (s.a.) KMT
12 Mar 1925 - 1 Jul 1925 Hu Han-min (acting) (s.a.) KMT
Chairmen of the National Government
1 Jul 1925 - 15 Apr 1926 Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei) (b. 1883 - d. 1944) KMT
16 Apr 1926 - 29 Mar 1927 Tan Yankai (s.a.) KMT
Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government
20 Mar 1927 - 13 Sep 1927 Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei) (at Wuhan)(s.a.) KMT
17 Sep 1927 - 10 Oct 1928 Tan Yen-K'ai (Yankai) (s.a.) KMT
Chairmen of the National Government
10 Oct 1928 - 15 Dec 1931 Chiang Kai-shek (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1975) Mil/KMT
15 Dec 1931 - 1 Aug 1943 Lin Sen (acting to 1 Jan 1932) (b. 1867 - d. 1943) KMT
1 Aug 1943 - 20 May 1948 Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil/KMT
(acting to 10 Oct 1943)
Presidents
20 May 1948 - 21 Jan 1949 Chiang Kai-shek (s.a.) KMT
21 Jan 1949 - 8 Dec 1949 Li Tsung-jen (Zongren)(acting¹) (b. 1890 - d. 1969) KMT
(from 8 Dec 1949 see under Taiwan)
Presidents of the Executive Yuan (premiers)
10 Oct 1928 - 22 Sep 1930 Tan Yen-K'ai (Yankai) (s.a.) KMT
Sep 1930 - 4 Dec 1930 Sung Tzu-wen (Song Ziwen)(acting) (b. 1891 - d. 1971) KMT
("T.V. Soong")(1st time)
4 Dec 1930 - 15 Dec 1931 Chiang Kai-shek (1st time) (s.a.) KMT
15 Dec 1931 - 28 Dec 1931 Ch'eng Ming-hsu (Chen Mingshu) (b. 1890 - d. 1965) KMT
(acting)
28 Dec 1931 - 28 Jan 1932 Sun Fo (1st time) (b. 1895 - d. 1973) KMT
28 Jan 1932 - 7 Dec 1935 Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei) (s.a.) KMT
7 Dec 1935 - 1 Jan 1938 Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time) (s.a.) KMT
1 Jan 1938 - 20 Nov 1939 K'ung Hsiang-hsi (Kong Xiangxi) (b. 1880 - d. 1967) KMT
("H.H. Kung")
20 Nov 1939 - 31 May 1945 Chiang Kai-shek (3rd time) (s.a.) KMT
31 May 1945 - 1 Mar 1947 Sung Tzu-wen (Song Ziwen)(2nd time)(s.a.) KMT
1 Mar 1947 - 18 Apr 1947 Chiang Kai-shek (4th time) (s.a.) KMT
18 Apr 1947 - 24 May 1948 Chang Ch'ün (Zhang Qun) (b. 1889 - d. 1990) KMT
24 May 1948 - 26 Nov 1948 Wong Wen-hao (Weng Wenhao) (b. 1889 - d. 1971) KMT
26 Nov 1948 - 12 Mar 1949 Sun Fo (2nd time) (s.a.) KMT
12 Mar 1949 - 3 Jun 1949 Ho Ying-ch'in (He Yingqin) (b. 1889 - d. 1987) KMT
3 Jun 1949 - 8 Dec 1949 Yen Hsi-shan (Yan Xishan) (s.a.) Mil/KMT
(from 8 Dec 1949 see under Taiwan)
Alternative governments of the Republic of China:
Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government (at Nanjing)
18 Apr 1927 - 15 Aug 1927 Chiang Kai-shek (s.a.) KMT
26 Aug 1927 - 15 Sep 1927 Tan Yen-kai (Yankai) (s.a.) KMT
Chairman of the Committee of the National Government (at Beiping)
1 Sep 1930 - 31 Oct 1930 Yen Hsi-chan (Yan Xishan) (s.a.) Mil
Chairman of the National Government (at Guangzhou/Canton)
1 Jul 1931 - 1 Jan 1932 Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei) (b. 1883 - d. 1944) KMT
Chairman of the People's Government (at Fuzhou)
21 Nov 1933 - 21 Jan 1934 Li Jishen (b. 1884 - d. 1959)
China under Japanese occupation:
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14 Dec 1937 - 30 Mar 1940 Wang Kemin (b. 1873 - d. 1945)
Acting chairman of the Reformed National Government (at Nanjing)
28 Mar 1938 - 30 Mar 1940 Liang Hongzhi (b. 1883 - d. 1946)
Chairmen of the National Government (at Nanjing)
30 Mar 1940 - 10 Nov 1944 Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei) (b. 1883 - d. 1944) KMT-WC
(acting to 1940)
20 Nov 1944 - Aug 1945 Chen Gongbo (acting) (b. 1892 - d. 1946)
People's Republic of China
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19 Aug 1948 People's Government of North China
1 Oct 1949 People's Republic of China
8 Dec 1949 Final remnants of Nationalist government flee to Taiwan. Note: Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-ping)(b. 1904 - d. 1997) was de facto leader from the late 1970's to the early 1990's. He never took over either the chairmanship of the State, the Government nor the General Secretary of the Party, from 1978 to his death in 1997 he was the unquestionable Paramount Leader. From Jun 1981 he was Chairman of the Military Affairs Committee. It is impossible to provide exact dates; he rose to power in the aftermath of Mao's death (9 Sep 1976) and became more and more frail in the 1990's (he last appeared in public
9 Feb 1994).
Chairmen of the Communist Party of China (CPC)
8 Jan 1935 - 9 Sep 1976 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) (b. 1893 - d. 1976)
9 Oct 1976 - 29 Jun 1981 Hua Guofeng (Hua Kuo-feng) (b. 1920?)
29 Jun 1981 - 12 Sep 1982 Hu Yaobang (b. 1915 - d. 1989)
General Secretaries (top party post from 12 Sep 1982)
12 Sep 1982 - 16 Jan 1987 Hu Yaobang (s.a.)
16 Jan 1987 - 24 Jun 1989 Zhao Ziyang (acting to 2 Nov 1987) (b. 1919)
24 Jun 1989 - Jiang Zemin (b. 1926)
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Republic of China
1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) (s.a.)
Chairman of the People's Government of North China
19 Aug 1948 - 1 Oct 1949 Dong Biwu (Tung Pi-wu) (b. 1886 - d. 1975) CPC
Chairman of the People's Government of the North-East
27 Aug 1949 - 1 Oct 1949 Gao Gang (b. 1895 - d. 1954) CPC
Chairman of the Central People's Government
1 Oct 1949 - 27 Sep 1954 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) (s.a.) CPC
Chairmen¹
27 Sep 1954 - 27 Apr 1959 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) (s.a.) CPC
27 Apr 1959 - 31 Oct 1968 Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i) (b. 1898 - d. 1969) CPC
31 Oct 1968 - 24 Feb 1972 Dong Biwu (Tung Pi-wu) (s.a.) CPC
+ Song Qingling (f) (acting) (b. 1893 - d. 1981) CPC
(Sung Ch'ing-ling)
24 Feb 1972 - 17 Jan 1975 Dong Biwu (acting) (s.a.) CPC
Chairmen of the Permanent Standing Committee of the National People's Congress²
17 Jan 1975 - 6 Jul 1976 Zhu De (Chu Teh) (b. 1886 - d. 1976) CPC
6 Jul 1976 - 5 Mar 1978 Vacant³
5 Mar 1978 - 18 Jun 1983 Ye Jianying (b. 1897 - d. 1986) CPC
Presidents²
18 Jun 1983 - 8 Apr 1988 Li Xiannian (b. 1909 - d. 1992) CPC
8 Apr 1988 - 27 Mar 1993 Yang Shangkun (b. 1907 - d. 1998) CPC
27 Mar 1993 - Jiang Zemin (s.a.) CPC
Premiers
1 Oct 1949 - 8 Jan 1976 Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai) (b. 1898 - d. 1976) CPC
4 Feb 1976 - 10 Sep 1980 Hua Guofeng (acting to 7 Apr 1976) (s.a.) CPC
10 Sep 1980 - 24 Nov 1987 Zhao Ziyang (s.a.) CPC
24 Nov 1987 - 17 Mar 1998 Li Peng (acting to 9 Apr 1988) (b. 1928) CPC
17 Mar 1998 - Zhu Rongji (b. 1928) CPC
¹The ambiguity of the Constitutional situation leaves it unclear whether this was a vacancy or a substitution for Chiang.
²The title "chairman" for the heads of state in 1954-75 represents the same Chinese term (zhuxi) that is commonly translated "president" for the heads of state after 1983.
³Vice-chairmen of the Standing Committee during the vacancy: Wu De, Song Qingling (f)
(b. 1893 - d. 1981), Liu Bocheng (b. 1892 - d. 1986), Wei Guoqing (b. 1913 - d. 1989), Seypidin (b. 1916), Chen Yun (b. 1905 - d. 1995), Tan Zhenlin (b. 1902 - d. 1983), Li Jingquan, Ulanhu (b. 1904 - d. 1988), Guo Moruo (b. 1892 - d. 1978), Xu Xiangqian (b. 1901 - d. 1990), Nie Rongzhen (b. 1899 - d. 1992), Zhang Dingcheng, Cai Chang (f), Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme (b. 1910), Zhou Jianren (b. 1888 - d. 1984), Xu Deheng, Hu Juewen, Li Suwen (f), Yao Lianwei, and, from
2 Dec 1976, Deng Yingchao (f) (b. 1904 - d. 1992).
Note: Claims Taiwan; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) as does Taiwan.
Party Abbreviations: CPC = Communist Party of China (communist, authoritarian, only legal party since 1 Oct 1949); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: KMT = Chungkuo Kuomin Tang ("Kuomintang" or Chinese Nationalist Party, Chinese nationalist, authoritarian, only legal party 1928-49 [1914-1919 Chung-hua Ke-ming Tang (Chinese Revolutionary Party]); KMT-WC = Kuomintang-Wang Ching-wei (Nationalist Party-Wang Ching-wei faction, personalist [Japanese puppet government 1940-44])
Manchuria (Manchukuo)
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"National Anthem of the Foundation" (1933-1942) |
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"National Anthem" (1942-1945) |
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only over northern Manchuria).
1897 - 10 Mar 1905 Occupied by Russia.
10 Mar 1905 - 15 Apr 1907 Southern Manchuria occupied by Japan.
1916 Manchuria under warlord control (nominally still of
of the Republic of China).
1922 Declared to be autonomous by local warlord.
29 Dec 1928 Manchuria "formally" reunified with China.
18 Sep 1931 Japanese invasion and occupation begins.
9 Mar 1932 Great Manchu State (Manchukuo [Manzhugou])(not recognized¹).
21 Jan 1933 Chinese province of Jehol annexed.
1 Mar 1934 Great Manchu Empire
9 Aug 1945 Soviet forces begin invasion.
15 Aug 1945 - May 1946 Occupied by the Soviet Union.
Governors
1916 - 7 Jun 1928 Chang Tso-lin (Zhang Zuolin) (b. 1873 - d. 1928)
(military governor to 13 May 1922)
7 Jun 1928 - 18 Sep 1931 Chang Hsüeh-liang (Zhang Xuelian) (b. 1901 - d. 2001)
18 Sep 1931 - 9 Mar 1932 Minami Jiro (military governor) (b. 1874 - d. 1957)
Chief Executive
9 Mar 1932 - 1 Mar 1934 P'u-i ("Henry" Puyi) (b. 1906 - d. 1967)
nianhao: Hsüan-T'ung (Xuantong)
(1908-1912, Jul 1917 Emperor of China)
Emperor
1 Mar 1934 - 15 Aug 1945 P'u-i (s.a.)
nianhao: Kang Teh (Kangde)
Soviet Military governor
15 Aug 1945 - May 1946 Aleksandr Mikhailovich Vasilevsky (b. 1895 - d. 1977)
Premiers
9 Mar 1932 - 21 May 1935 Chang Hsiao-hisn (Zheng Xiaoxu) (b. 1860 - d. 1938)
21 May 1935 - 15 Aug 1945 Chang Ching-hui (Zhang Jinghui) (b. 1873 - d. 19..)
Japanese Plenipotentiary and Commander of Japanese forces in Manchukuo
9 Mar 1932 - 15 Aug 1945 Minami Jiro (s.a.)
¹the following countries recognized Manchukuo or established unofficial diplomatic relations: Japan (15 Sep 1932), El Salvador (21 May 1934), the Vatican (1934), Estonia (1934), Poland (1935), Italy (1936), Germany (12 May 1938), Spain (1937), Lithuania (1939), Hungary (1939), Slovakia (1939), Japanese sponsored National Government China (1940), Romania (1940), Bulgaria (1940), Finland (1941), Croatia (1941), Denmark (1941), Thailand (1941), the Philippines (1943), and the Free India Movement (1944).
Inner Mongolia (Meng Chiang)
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Meng Chiang Yuan (CNPM) |
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(or League).
22 Dec 1935 Independence declared.
28 Jun 1936 Japanese form Mongol provinces into the Mengjiang Joint Committee
(Meng-chiang) parallel to the Japanese puppet Provisional
Government of the Republic of China, then later subordinate to
the Japanese puppet National Government of the Republic of
China (in former Chahar and Suiyuan provinces).
22 Nov 1937 Menggu zizhi bang (Mêng-ku Tzu-chih Pang [Menggu/Manzhou), the
Mongolian Federated Autonomous Government created (Mongol
name: Mongol Obesbeen Jasaha Uls, English: Meng Chiang).
10 Sep 1945 Inner Mongolian People's Republic
25 Oct 1945 Part of People's Republic of China.
Chairman of the Autonomous Political Council
Apr 1934 - 8 Dec 1937 Dewang (Yunwang, Prince Teh) (b. 1870 - d. 19..)
Chairman of Inner Mongolia Federation
8 Dec 1937 - 10 Sep 1945 Dewang (s.a.)
Kasgaria/East Turkestan (Sinkiang )
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17th cent. Divided into several minor Khanates without importance, real
power going to the so-called Khwaja, Arabic islamic religious
leaders
c.1678 Hidayat Allah Hazrat Apaq of the Aqtaghlik, with the help of the
Dzungars, deposed the last Djagataide Khan and ousted the rival
Qartaghlik, becoming the real ruler of Kashgaria under Dzungar
(Dörben Oyirad) protection.
1694 - 1720 Occupied by Dörben Oyirad.
Jul 1759 - May 1826 Occupied by Qing empire.
1820 - 1828 Aqtaghliq rebellion.
1864 Detached from the Qing empire Kingdom of Qäshqäriyä (Kashgaria).
1870 Polity renamed Jiti Shahar.
28 Dec 1877 Reincorporated into Qing empire.
1888 Eastern Turkestan formally annexed to Qing empire
and renamed Sinkiang.
1928 - 1944 Autonomous from Chinese central government.
12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934 Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan (in rebellion)
(also known as Uighuristan or Turkish Islamic Republic of
East Turkestan).
16 Jan 1943 Re-incorporation into China declared.
12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946 East Turkestan Republic (in rebellion)
Jun 1946 Reincorporated into China
1 Oct 1955 Creation of Xinjian-Ughur Autonomous Region.
Khans
c.1693 - 1720 Ahmed Khan (d. af.1720)
1720 - 1754 Daniyal Khwaja (2nd time)
1754 - 1757 Yusuf ibn Daniyal
1757 `Abd Allah Badshah Khwaja ibn Yusuf
1757 - Aug 1759 Burhan ad-Din ibn Ahmad (d. 1760)
1820 - 1828 Jahangir Hodja (in rebellion) (b. 1783? - d. 1828)
Sep 1830 - Dec 1830 Muhammad Yusuf Hodja (in rebellion)
May 1857 - Aug 1857 Wali Khan (in rebellion)
1864 - Feb 1865 Qutlugh Beg
Feb 1865 - 1866 Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan
(1st time)
1866 Muhammad Amin ibn Jahangir Khan
1866 - 1867 Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan
(2nd time)
1867 - 6 Dec 1873 Muhammad Ya`qub Beg ibn Pir (b. c.1820 - d. 1877)
Muhammad Mirza
Amir Khans
6 Dec 1873 - 29 May 1877 Muhammad Ya`qub Beg ibn Pir (s.a.)
Muhammad Mirza
29 May 1877 - 28 Dec 1877 Quli Beg ibn Muhammad Ya`qub Beg (b. 1821 - d. 1877)
President of the Turkish-Islamic Republic of East Turkestan
12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934 Xoca Niyaz Haci (in rebellion) (b. 1887 - d. 1938)
President of East Turkestan Republic
12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946 Alikhan Tore (in rebellion) (b. 1885 - d. 1976)
Dörben Oyriad (Dzungar Khanate) 1626 Dörben Oyriad (Four Confederates) or Dzungar Kalmyk (or Kalmuck)
Khanate formed. Covering Xinjiang region of China, Kyrgystan,
eastern Kazakhstan, and western Mongolia.
1755 - 4 Oct 1755 Tributary of China.
4 Oct 1755 - 4 Oct 1757 In rebellion against Chinese suzerainty.
Mar 1756 Annexed by China.
4 Oct 1757 Dissolved.
Khans (2 Dec 1717 - 1720 also styled Protectors of Tibet)
c.1676 - 3 May 1697 Galdan Khan (b. 1645 - d. 1697)
1697 - 1727 Tsewang Rabdan
1727 - Aug/Sep 1745 Galdan Tsereng (d. 1745)
1745 - 1750 Tsewang Dordji Namgyal (Bayan Khan)
1750 - 1753 Lama Dardja (d. 1753)
1753 - 1755 Dawadji (d. 1759)
1755 - 4 Oct 1757 Amursana (b. 1722 - d. 1757)
(from 4 Oct 1755, in rebellion)
Chinese Imperial Commissioner
1755 - 4 Oct 1755 Pan Ti (d. 1755)
Tibet
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842 - 1244 State fragmented. 1244 - 1358 Mongol rule. c.1642 - 2 Dec 1717 Under suzerainty of the Kochot Khanate. 2 Dec 1717 - 1720 Under suzerainty of the Dörben Oyriad. 1720 Under suzerainty of the Qing (Chinese) Empire. 7 Sep 1904 - 1945 Under British influence (remains under Chinese suzerainty). 28 Oct 1912 Dalai Lama rejects inclusion in the Republic of China. Jan 1913 Nominally independent (Kingdom of Tibet), de jure still part of China (officially from 8 Mar 1913). 3 Jul 1914 By Convention of Simla, all of Tibet, Inner and Outer, recognized by Britain as "state under the suzerainty but not the sovereignty of China." 7 Oct 1950 Chinese invasion and occupation. 23 May 1951 Annexed by China (see Tibetan region) Note: Although the dates are firm in the Tibetan calendar, the correspondence between the Tibetan and the Gregorian calendars is only approximate, as are, consequently, the dates given here. Khans (styled Protectors of Tibet) 1656 - 1670 Dayan Khan 1670 - 1700 Dalai Khan 1700 - 2 Dec 1717 Latsang Khan (d. 1717) 2 Dec 1717 - 1720 Tsewang Rabdan Secular rulers (title Junwang, usually translated king) 11 Jan 1740 - 12 Mar 1747 Pho-lha-nas bSod-nams-stobs-rgyas (d. 1747) "Mi-dbang Pho-lha" 1747 - 11 Nov 1750 Pho-lha-nas 'Gyur-med-rnam-rgyal (d. 1750) "Ta-la'i-ba-dur" Dalai Lamas 1679 - 1703 Sangs-rgye rgya-mtsho (Sangye Gyatso) (adminstrator to 1683, then regent) 8 Dec 1697 - 27 Jun 1706 Rin-chen-blo-bzang-rig-'dzins- tshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho (6th Dalai Lama) (b. 1683 - d. 1706) 1703 - 1706 Ngag-dbang rin-chen - Regent (Ngawang rinchen) 27 Jun 1706 - 1707 Vacant 1707 - 1717 Ngag-dbang-ye-shes-rgya-mtsho (b. 1681/5 - d. 1723) (usurping Dalai Lama) 1717 - 1720 sTag-rtse-zhabs-drung -Regent (Taktse Shabdrung) 1720 - 1721 Yan-xin - Chinese administrator 16 Oct 1720 - 22 Mar 1757 rGyal-dbang-blo-bzang-bskal- bzang-rgya-mtsho (7th Dalai Lama) (b. 1708 - d. 1757) (ritually presumed to have ruled from 1708) 22 Mar 1757 - 29 Apr 1757 Council of Ministers 29 Apr 1757 - 28 Aug 1762 De-mo sprul-sku Ngag-dbang-'jam- (d. 1770) dpal-bde-legs-rgya-mtsho -Regent 28 Aug 1762 - 19 Nov 1804 Blo-bzang-'jam-dpal-rgya-mtsho (8th Dalai Lama) (b. 1758 - d. 1804) 1804 - 5 Mar 1808 Kun-bde-gling rTa-tshag-rje-drung- (d. 1810) sprul-sku Ye-shes-blo-bzang-bstan- pa'i-mgon-po -Regent 5 Mar 1808 - 26 Mar 1815 Blo-bzang-lung-rtogs-rgya-mtsho (9th Dalai Lama) (b. 1806 - d. 1815) 1815 - 28 Mar 1819 De-mo sPrul-sku Blo-bzang-thub- bstan-'jigs-med-rgya-mtsho -Regent (d. 1819) 30 Mar 1819 - 6 Feb 1822 mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku (d. 1844) Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims (1st time) -Regent 6 Feb 1822 - 30 Sep 1837 Blo-bzang-tshul-khrims-rgya-mtsho (10th Dalai Lama) (b. 1816 - d. 1837) 30 Sep 1837 - 29 Sep 1841 mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku (s.a.) Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims (2nd time) -Regent 29 Sep 1841 - 31 Jan 1856 Blo-bzang-mkhas'-grub-rgya-mtsho (11th Dalai Lama) (b. 1838 - d. 1856) 31 Jan 1856 - 1856 Council of Ministers 1856 - 26 Feb 1858 Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Ngag-dbang- (d. 1888) ye-shes-tshul-khrims-rgyal-mtshan -Regent 26 Feb 1858 - 25 Apr 1875 Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-'phrin-las- rgya-mtsho (12th Dalai Lama) (b. 1856 - d. 1875) 25 Apr 1875 - 1875 Council of Ministers 1875 - 12 Feb 1878 Kun-bde-gling sPrul-sku rTa-tshag- rje-drung-ngag-dbang-dpal-ldan- chos-kyi-rgyal-mtshan -Regent 12 Feb 1878 - 17 Dec 1933 Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-thub-bstan- rgya-mtsho-'jigs-bral-dbang-phyug- phyogs-las-rnam-rgyal (13th Dalai Lama) (b. 1876 - d. 1933) (30 Jul 1904 - 25 Dec 1909 in Mongolia, later China exile; 23 Feb 1910 - Jun 1912 in exile in Darjeeling, India) 30 Jul 1904 - 1910 Ganden Tripa Rimpoche Lobzang Gyaltsen Lamashar - Administrator (for exiled Dalai Lama) 23 Feb 1910 - 1913 Gaden Tripa Tsmoling Rimpoche Ngawang Lozang - Administrator (for exiled Dalai Lama) 17 Dec 1933 - Jan 1934 Council of Ministers Jan 1934 - 25 Aug 1939 Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Thub-bstan- (b. 1911 - d. 1947) 'jam-dpal-ye-shes-rgyal-mtshan -Regent (regent [for the Dalai Lama to 16 Jan 1941]) 25 Aug 1939 - rJe-btsun-'Jam-dpal-ngag-dbang- blo-bzang-ye-shes-bstan-'dzin- rgya-mtsho (14th Dalai Lama) (b. 1935) (from 31 Mar 1959 in exile [from 1 May 1960 in Dharamsala, India]) 16 Jan 1941 - 1950 Stag-brag ngag-dbang gsung-rab -Regent (Taktra Rimpoche Sungrab Ngawang) 31 Mar 1959 - Sep 1965 Bskal-bzang Tshe-brtan -Head of state (10th Panchen Lama) (b. 1938 - d. 1989) Military commander-in-chief Jan 1951 - Feb 1967 Zhang Guohua Regents (chief ministers) 1679 - 1705 A-bar Sans-rgyas rGya-mts'o 1705 - 1706 Ngag-dban Rin-ch'en 1706 - 1717 IHa-bzang 1717 - 1720 Sa-skyong sTags-rTse-pa lHa-rgyal-rab- brtan Chinese Administrator 1720 - 1721 Yan-xin President of the Council of Ministers (bKa-bton) 1721 - 1727 K'an-tsen-nas bdSod-nams rGyal-po Regents (chief ministers) 1727 - 1728 Triumvirate - Na-p'od-pa rDo-rje rGyal-po - Lum-pa-nas bKra-shis rGyal-po - sByar-ra-ba bLo-gros rGyal-po 1728 - 1740 P'o-lha-nas bSod-nams-sLobs-rgas 1740 - 1750 dGyur-med rNam-rgyal 1750 - 1751 dGa'-bzhi Pandita (acting) 1751 - 1757 Vacant 1757 - 1777 De-mo Qutuqtu 1777 - 1781 gNag-dban Ts'ul-k'rims (1st time) (Tsomolin Nomenkhan) 1781 - 1789 Vacant 1789 - 1790 rTa-ts'ag sPrul-sku Ye-'ses bLo-bzan bsTan-pa'i mGing-po (1st time) 1791 - 1791 gNag-dban Ts'ul-k'rims (2nd time) (Tsomolin Nomenkhan) 1791 - 1810 rTa-ts'ag sPrul-sku Ye-'ses bLo-bzan bsTan-pa'i mGing-po (2nd time) 1811 - 1819 De-mo bLo-bzan t'ub-bstan Jigs-med rGya-mts'o 1819 - 1844 gNag-dban Jam-dpal Ts'ul-k'rims 1844 - 1845 Blo-bzang-bstan-pa'i-nyi-ma (7th Panchen Lama) (b. 1781 - d. 1854) 1845 - 1855 gNag-dban Ye-'ses Ts'ul-k'rims rGyal-mts'an (1st time) 1855 - 1856 Vacant 1856 - 1862 gNag-dban Ye-'ses Ts'ul-k'rims rGyal-mts'an (2nd time) 1862 - 1864 bSad-sgra dBan-p'yug rGyal-po 1864 - 1872 bLo-bzan mK'yen-rab dBang-p'yug 1872 - 1875 Vacant 1875 - 1886 gNag-dban dPal-ldan c'os-kyi rGyal-mts'an 1886 - 1893 gNag-dban bLo-bzan 'P'rin-las Rab-rgyas 1893 - 1904 .... 1904 - 1909 Ganden Tripa bLo-bzang Gyantsen 1910 - 1913 Ganden Tripa Isomolin Rimpoch'e 1913 - 1934 .... 1934 - 1941 T'ub-bstan 'Jam-dpal Ye-'ses rGyal-mts'an 1941 - 1950 gNag-dban gSun-rab gRub-t'ob bsTan-pa' Chinese ambans (representatives of the emperors at the court of the Dalai Lama) 1709 - 1711 Ho Shou -Envoy 1720 - 1721 Yanxin -Military commandant 1721 - 1723 Ts'eban Norbu -Military commandant 1723 - 1724 Orai 1726? - 172. Oci + Bandi 1727 - 1728 Sengko (1st time) -Envoy + Mai-u (2nd time) -Envoy 1728 - 1728 Jalangga -Military commandant 1728 - 1733 Sengko (2nd time) + Mailu (2nd time) 1733 - 1734 Qingbu 1733 - 1734 + Miyuser 1734 Nasutai (1st time) + Arxun 1734 - 1737 Nasutai (2nd time) 1737 - 1739 Hanggilu 1739 - 1741? Jishan (1s time) 1742 - 1745 Sopai (1st time) 1745 - 1747 Fujing (1st time) (d. 1750) 1747 - 1748 Sopai (2nd time) 1747 - 1748 Fujing (2nd time) (s.a.) 1748 Sopai (3rd time) 1748 - 1749 Labdon (La-bu-dun) (b. 1703 - d. 1750) 1749 - 1750 Jishan (2nd time) 1750 Fujing (3rd time) (s.a.) 1750 Jishan (3rd time) 1751 - 1751 Bandi (1st time) 1751 - 1751 Ts'ebin -Commissioner 1751 - 1752 Bandi (2nd time) + rNamrgyal 1752 - 1786 ... 1786 - 1789 Qingli 1791 - 179. Baotai 179. - 1804 .... 1804 - 1805 Ts'e-pa-k'e 1805 - 1820 .... 1820 - 1823 Wengan 1823 - 1839 .... 1839 - 1842 Mengbao 1843 - 1847 Qishan 1847 - 18.. Binliang 18.. - 1886 .... 1886 - 1888 Wenshi 1888 - 1892 Shengtai 189. - .... Kuihan 1902 - 1904 Yugang 1904 - 1906 Yutai 1906 - 1912 Lianyu 1912 - 1913 Zhongyin High Commissioner of the Chinese Republic 1913 - 1931 Luxingji (acting) British Political Officer Feb 1937 - 1940 Sir Hugh E. Richardson Kingdom of Tibet in Exile
Dalai Lama 31 Mar 1959 - rJe-btsun-'Jam-dpal-ngag-dbang- blo-bzang-ye-shes-bstan-'dzin- rgya-mtsho (14th Dalai Lama) (s.a.) (from 1 May 1960 in Dharamsala, India) Chairmen of the Cabinet 19.. - 19.. Zurkhang Ngawang Gelek 19.. - 19.. Shenkha Gurney Topgyal 19.. - 19.. Garang Lobsang Rigzin 19.. - 19.. Kunling Woeser Gyaltsen 19.. - 19.. Wangdue Dorjee 19.. - May 1990 Juchen Thupten Namgyal May 1990 - Jul 1991 Kelsang Yeshi Aug 1991 - Jan 1993 Gyalo Thondup Feb 1993 - 4 Jun 1996 Tenzin Namgyal Tethong 4 Jun 1996 - 5 Sep 2001 Sonam Topgyal (b. 1934) 5 Sep 2001 - Samdhong Rinpoche (b. 1939) No political parties existed prior to the 7 Oct 1950 Chinese invasion. |
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